Heating and Cooling

With the aquatherm-climasystem an individual´s comfort and efficiency directly depend on the basic environmental conditions of his surroundings. Working efficiency varies according to temperature with every cooling degree.

Incorrect controlled room temperature, noise interference or draught are responsible for inefficient room conditions and therefore unsatisfactory performances. In offices, commercial premises, meeting rooms, etc., aquatherm pipe grids have become increasingly more popular for heating and cooling of ceilings and walls.

The ingenious aquatherm climasystem delivers pleasant room conditions without noise and forced air movement. With this technology cooling or heating is simply controllable.

Automatic designed change-over of heated or chilled water completes this system; allowing for individual room control within a building management system.

Heating and Cooling

aquatherm-climasystem – due to its compact dimensions within – fits under the plaster or the dry-lined wall. Construction thickness including manifolds, mounting with the aquatherm-climasystemrail and connections amounts to only 24.5 mm.

The pipe grids have rectangular manifolds, which can be interlinked. This allows an easy connection e.g. according to the reverse return principle (Tichelmann). The water volume for the required thermal output is distributed via square pipes (12 mm/25m pipe per m2) within the grids.

The velocity of flow and the pressure drop are minimized. Velocity of flow for a surface area of approx. 10 m2 is below 0.3 m/s.

The aquatherm climasystem can be installed, in the case of suspended ceilings, in tile size modules, dry construction behind gypsum wall board or wet construction, embedded in wall and covered with plaster. Even stud framed walls with gypsum board finishes are not a problem.

The low weight of only 2.5 kg/m2 (incl. water filling) does not effect the design of the ceiling element construction. The ceiling elements should include 30 mm of fibre glass insulation. Depending on their design, the pipe grids are connected by means of thermal welding or by pushfit couplings, and connected to the cooling- and heating water circuits.

Advantages

• No draughts
• Noiseless
• Dust reduction
• Simple control technique
• Thermal properties of the building are enhanced
• System extendable
• Quick installation thanks to high degree of prefabrication
• Even temperature distribution
• Safe connection techniques by thermal fusion /
• Pushfit connection for ceiling elements
• Oxygen barrier
• Minimal construction thickness
• Greater architectural design freedom
• Energy saving
  

The effect of the aquatherm-climasystems is to heat or cool the surface of wall or ceiling it is installed behind by a few degrees below or above the ambient temperature. By radiation exchange with the surfaces, temperatures of the room and furnishings change. In a ceiling 60 % of the total heat transfer is achieved through ceiling radiation and 40 % through convection. The heat transfer rate is determined by the difference between ambient temperature and average surface temperature – high difference – high heat transfer.

Within a suspended ceiling system, the extend of aquatherm-climasystem installation will be governed by heating and cooling requirements.

Material

Aquatherm-pipe grids are exclusively made from fusiolen® PP-R (80).

Special heat and extraction stability are only two of the special properties of this material. These physical properties are of special interest in the heating and cooling industry.

The exceptionally good welding properties and the fusion, resulting in an homogeneous unit, offers a maximum in security and life span. fusiolen® PP-R (80) also offers high temperature and pressure operation.

Long-term temperatures of 70°C can easily be maintained. As a rule, the aquatherm climasystem operates at substantially lower temperatures as is typical with commercial floor-heating systems. Hence, the actual material stressing is substantially lower. Furthermore fusiolen® offers an excellent robustness against various aggressive chemicals.

In conjunction with the climatherm-pipe system (also made from fusiolen® PP-R (80)) for climate, heating and plant technology, aquatherm offers a complete solution from the heating and cooling source.

WALL Heating and Cooling

CEILING Heating and Cooling

Requirements for installation

System review

Basic idea of the aquatherm-climasystem is the comfort of an occupied area: thermally well-balanced zones are created.

Hence, the principle of the aquatherm-climasystem technology is not warming and circulating the air, but heat radiation of the tempered surfaces to deliver directly to the space to the benefit of the occupant. Convenient warmth is provided, as the heating surfaces are relatively large and therefore heating surface temperature can be kept low.

This is one advantage compared to small, hot surfaces, such as radiators.

The systems, due to the low flow temperature (25-35°C), are well suited in conjunction with other temperature heating. Various heating source thereby arise, including the possibilities of the use of fuel efficient tech-nology and alternative energy, like solar, geothermal and recovered heat.

Besides, the thermal advantages is the added benefit of reduced air movement. The result is reduced dust movement and a stabilized air humidity. In summary wall heating saves 25-30% of energy costs and contributes to a healthy environment. Of course the aquatherm-climasystem for wall and ceiling can be combined with each other.

The wall heating can be installed on mortar walls, pre-fabricated and concrete walls. The floor (subsurface) must be dry and a level for taking the plaster or the dry construction elements. The tolerance of the heights and inclination of the carrying subsurface must correspond to the German DIN 18202. The insulation at the outer wall of modern houses is made by customers.

Comfort

Moderate temperatures (20-35° C) with large heating surfaces generates a steady radiation for the user.

Direct heat radiation on the human body delivers a comfortable warm feeling. The room air temperature can be reduced in opposite to conventional heating technologies (radiators/convectors) (17-18°C) and still provide thermal comfort for the occupant.

The aquatherm-climasystem for the wall

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The aquatherm-climasystem for the ceiling

Surface temperatures

The surface temperatures are dependent on the heat efficiency of the wall heating. This also depends on the heat loss of the room/building and on the surface, which is available for the installation of the wall heating.

In addition, the pipe spacing, the surface finishes and the design of the wall heating provide variable differences to the surface temperature.

That means, the temperature above the heating pipes is higher than in the intervals. Even surface temperatures are obtained by the close pipe spacing (40 mm/25 m pipe per m2) of the aquatherm-climasystem.

The average surface temperature of a wall heating should be regulated for physiological reasons. In rooms with low dwelling time (e.g. baths, swimming pools, therapeutic areas) the surface temperature is limited to 35° C and in rooms with long dwelling time (e.g. living rooms, day rooms, offices) is limited to 30°C.

Surface considerations

In planning stage of wall heating design the future use should be taken into consideration. When arranging the grids personal and spatial needs can be considered. One must take into account, where the large pieces of furniture are to be placed, while smaller furniture (e.g. desk, seat set and pictures) can be disregarded.

Thus the outside wall often remains as a possible choice.

Conduits and cables

Conduits and cables which are placed on the weight-bearing subsurface, must be well fixed. They are installed on view or behind the aquatherm- climasystem.

Expansion joint

To accommodate for thermal length expansion of the wall construction, suitable expansion capabilities of the adjoining components must be allowed for.

This can be achieved by a flexible joint.

Plaster and thermal distribution layer

All customary lime-cement plasters, gypsum plasters and even wet plasters have proved to be effective.

Due to its very good space-climatic qualities, gypsum and lime-gypsum plasters for wall heating are specially well suited. But never apply them in humid rooms, as the maximum operating temperature of gypsum plaster should not exceed 50°C.

Lime-cement plasters are suitable for higher operating temperatures to approximately 60° C. These plasters are well suitable for baths and wet rooms with high air humidity.

Today clay plasters are used increasingly, because it is an optimal building material for the biological building considerations. In addition, clay plasters, due to their high thermal conductivity, are very suitable for wall heating.

The maximum operating temperature is also 60° C, as with the lime-cement plasters.

Plaster reinforcing must be used in general, to prevent possible surface faults.

Surface finishes

They can be made – according to customer´s wish – from ceramic tiles, plasterboards or gypsum plaster.

But the thermal resistance value R (m2K/W) should keep as low as possible and a value from R = 0,15 m2K/W should not be exceeded.

In this case additional heaters (e.g. in front of the window) may be inevitably.

Surface finishes with high thermal resistance require clearly higher operating temperatures and cause increased heat loss outward through the outside walls.

Vapour barrier

Moisture control by vapour barriers for humidity (due to inadequate ventilation, showering, cooking), which prevents the penetration of humidity into the wall structural and thus reduces damages to the building structure.

The U-value of the wall is fully preserved.

Connection Method 1

The aquatherm-climasystem is connected by “fusion”. Simply by heating up the joining elements the plastic melts, allowing the connecting of parts with a single material and forming a permanent connection. The grids can be connected in parallel as well as in series. Due to the wide range of fusiotherm fittings single connection as well as complete commercial sized installations, including manifolds, can be constructed. Transition connections for the approved aquatherm-SHT sliding sleeve technology complete the system.

Fusion of the aquatherm-climasystem

	1. Mounted welding device and tools (16 mm) Control of temperature
	2. aquatherm-climasystem is equipped with male/female connections for fusion in parallel.
	3. Push internal connection of the first grid into the (socket) heating tool and at the same time the exter- nal connection of the second grid onto the (spigot) heating tool.
	4 After the required warm-up time of 8 sec., remove the elements from the tools and immediately push to- gether (welding depth 13 mm).

Fusion of the aquatherm-climasystem

Wall heating and cooling grids with series connection are fused with diffusion-tight connection pipes and fittings, as described on previous page.

 

Connection method 2

The aquatherm-climasystem in suspended ceilings comes with pushfit- connectors for a fast and secure link. climasystem has serial 16 mm connections, on which the pushfit-connection is inserted to the stop.

The holding element/ring inside, equipped with stainless steel teeth, keeps the connection firmly in the link. The two integrated o-rings guarantee a completely sealed and secure connection.

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The aquatherm-climasystem in suspended ceilings comes with pushfit- connectors for a fast and secure link. climasystem has serial 16 mm connections, on which the pushfit-connection is inserted to the stop.

The holding element/ring inside, equipped with stainless steel teeth, keeps the connection firmly in the link. The two integrated o-rings guarantee a completely sealed and secure connection.

To allow maintenance within the ceiling void, the pushfit connections are demountable. It is important to ensure, that the system is unpressurized before attempting to demount the connection. Then simply press the hold element (white ring) against the connector and disconnect. The connection is then reusable.

aquatherm®-control options

Aquatherm, as a supplier of a complete system, offers all necessary components for the optimum control of a wall and ceiling heating. This counts to new or old buildings, to the connection of still existing heating systems as well as for small surfaces or large objects.

The individual room control for wall and ceiling heating is compellingly pre-scribed acc. to EnEV, provided that the object is completely heated by it.

If the basic load is covered, the individual room control can be done without.

The following control components stand for selection:

1. Control by return temperature limiter for small additional heating surfaces one circuit (design in cabinet for concealed installation)
2. Control for larger heating surfaces connection via heating circuit manifold individual room control by means of actuator and room thermostat
3. Control for larger heating surfaces connection via heating circuit manifold Division of heating groups by means of Tichelmann (reverse return) distribution technique

aquatherm®- control technique

The control technique for the aquatherm-climasystem is identical to our aquatherm®-under-floor heating.

Wired controls with 230 volt and 24 volt, just as the wireless controls are used. The technical description of the control components is to infer in the technical brochure “aquatherm®-Flächenheizsysteme“, heating system”, chapter “Automatic Control” (order-no. E 90000).

Never mount aquatherm-room thermostats behind curtains, in draught, or direct to solar radiation.

Also they must not be placed directly on the heated surfaces.

Parallel connection

1. Flow
2. Return
3. aquatherm®-heating circuit manifold
4. Wall-heating zone 1 with aquatherm-climasystem for individual connection (max. 15 m2)
5. Wall-heating zone 2 with aquatherm-climasystem for individual connection (max. 15 m2)

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Individual connection (max. 15 m2 per circuit))

1. Flow
2. Return
3. aquatherm®-heating circuit manifold
4. Wall-heating zone (max. 10,0 m2)
5. Heating circuit for additional heating zones

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Connection of smaller heating surfaces

1. Flow heating
2. Return heating
3. Static heating surface
4. The aquatherm-climasystem (max. 8 m2)
5. Flow heating grid
6. Return heating grid
7. aquatherm-return temperature limiter (Art.-No. 94161)

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Heating and cooling:

Heating:

In wintertime they are always utilized: The aquatherm-heating systems for ceiling, wall and floor.

The are installed in private homes, apartments, business buildings, hotels, hospitals, offices, schools, etc. But unfortunately, during the summer months these expensive heating systems are unused.

With the control statement “heating and cooling” the needs “heating and cooling” blend into a single arrangement. Based on climate control with change-over “heating/cooling” a complete control system including all requirements is available.

The control system described below, contains the energy saving features as well as the optimised cooling functions.

Cooling:

Special care is required to the dew point concerning the space cooling.

The principle pattern takes into consideration the dew point, so that there is no condensation produced.

Principle pattern of a double-pipe arrangement

(Suppliers: e.g. Sauter-Cumulus, Freiburg; Company Siemens, etc.)

Calculation

Generally a heating load calculation acc. to DIN EN 12831 or a cooling load calculation acc. to VDI 2078 has to be performed before designing the aquatherm-climasystem.

Heating

For comfort reasons the surface temperatures should not exceed 35°C.

The efficiency (heat flux density) for the dimensioning of the aquatherm- climasystem has to be calculated by the formula below:

QAusl = QH : Af

QAusl = Dimensioning of heat flux density

QH = Thermal output acc. to DIN EN 12831

less the loss of transmission heat

by the components covered by wall heating

Af = Wall surface, covered with wall heating

Diagrams

The following performance diagrams for the aquatherm wall and ceiling heating in wet and dry construction method have to be taken into consideration. These diagrams are valid for:

1.) Wet-construction system with heating plaster with thermal conductivity
Lambda = 0,70 W/mK (e.g. gypsum plaster, lime gypsum plaster)
Lambda = 0,87 W/mK (e.g. cement plaster)

as well as plaster coverings from upper edge heat pipe -> 10 mm

2.) Dry-construction system (performance diagram for the dry construction system is valid for concealing with plaster board) Lambda = 0,21 W/mK

Standards and guidelines

The following standards and guidelines must be considered on planning and design of the aquatherm-climasystem:

• VDI 2078 cooling load calculation / EnEV 2/02 Energy saving law
• DIN EN 1264 Surface heating systems / DIN 1186 Construction gypsums
• DIN 4102 Fire protection in building construction /
• DIN 4108 Heat Insulation in building construction /
• DIN 4109 Sound Insulation in building construction /
• DIN EN 12831 Calculation of the standard heating load /
• DIN 1264 Hot water under-floor heating /
• DIN 4726 Conduits of plastic /
• DIN 18164 Foam plastics /
• DIN 18165 Fibre insulating materials /
• DIN 18180 Gypsum plaster boards /
• DIN 18181 Gypsum plaster boards in building construction /
• DIN 18182 Accessories for the processing of plaster boards /
• DIN 18195 Building sealing /
• DIN 18202 Dimension tolerances in building construction /
• DIN 18350 Plastering works and stucco works /
• DIN 18557 Mortar /
• DIN 18550 Plasters

(Individual processing guidelines of the respective manufacturer)